Tags |
|
|
Links |
|
|
Main Subject - Floc And Flocculation Processes
The physical separation of the solid phase from the water in order to improve the quality of water by flocculation (the formation of particles known as "flocs" which settle or in flotation processes rise
According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product
), occurs in both organically contaminated and inorganically contaminated raw water and is the simplest yet one of the very most important water treatment process.
Flocculation may occur naturally in li
Flocculation may occur naturally in li
; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.
Examples of combination products may in
Examples of combination products may in
quids. However, when referred to in the context of water treatment processes includes both the physical pollutants present in the raw water and the addition of additional solids by the precipitation of d
lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.
issolved pollutants. These pollutants are most often organic in nature, such as in sewage (wastewater) treatment.
The precipitation process may also be chemical as in potable water treatment but both pr
The precipitation process may also be chemical as in potable water treatment but both pr
here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe
duce a solid phase that requires separation, however, the purpose of creating the floc is always to bind together the contaminant for ease of subsequent removal.
To achieve the separation a number of di
To achieve the separation a number of di
d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.
Combination pro
Combination pro
fferent processes are used and these include sedimentation, filtration (surface and depth) and flotation. The required degree of liquid/solid separation is achieved by choice of the flocculant to enhance
ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc
key characteristics within the flocculated solids.
These are specific to the separation process chosen and are described as follows:-
- sedimentation (settlement) is aided by large compact flocs which
These are specific to the separation process chosen and are described as follows:-
- sedimentation (settlement) is aided by large compact flocs which
easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi
have high densities and low amounts of drag
- flotation which requires small low density flocs with relatively open structures which aid contact between the flocs and the bubbles which will remain caugh
- flotation which requires small low density flocs with relatively open structures which aid contact between the flocs and the bubbles which will remain caugh
nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically
t within the floc structure for long enough to float them to the surface for removal
- filtration is best achieved by large, strong porous flocs with low surface charges
- sludge thickening works best
- filtration is best achieved by large, strong porous flocs with low surface charges
- sludge thickening works best
and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ
with compact flocs and a high solid to liquid ratio is clearly preferred to aid water content reduction during the process, again low charge surfaces assist.
It is also worthwhile to consider the charac
It is also worthwhile to consider the charac
ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi
er of flocculated suspensions by splitting them into four groups by considering size, shape, strength and charge.
Size is the most important feature of a floc as size relates closely to removal efficien
Size is the most important feature of a floc as size relates closely to removal efficien
ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.
Following aspects would a
Following aspects would a
cy. For maximum efficiency of solids removal it is important to avoid as far as possible the generation of fine particles (less than 10 um) where removal efficiency starts to deteriorate and the charge o
dd to the challenges in developing combination products:
Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod
Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod
f the surfaces becomes increasingly important.
Fine particles are created by floc breakage which occurs when the hydrodynamic stress applied at the surface of the floc particle is sufficient to overcome
Fine particles are created by floc breakage which occurs when the hydrodynamic stress applied at the surface of the floc particle is sufficient to overcome
cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin
the bonding strength of the connections within the flocs. Two specific mechanisms have been identified and are commonly classified as surface erosion or large scale fragmentation.
Surface erosion relat
Surface erosion relat
tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen
s to the stripping of small particles from the extremities of the floc's surface resulting in an increase in the primary particle concentration.
In contrast, large scale fragmentation relates to the flo
In contrast, large scale fragmentation relates to the flo
t?
As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel
As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel
c being cleaved into a number of smaller flocs without an increase in primary particle concentration.
The strength of a flocculated suspension is usually determined by applying a known shear rate to the
The strength of a flocculated suspension is usually determined by applying a known shear rate to the
ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.
Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust
Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust
systems and measuring the response. A number of techniques have been tried in the literature but the majority of studies use an impeller based system connected to a particle size instrument.
Comparison
Comparison
y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products
of the two mechanisms of floc fragmentation suggests that organic flocs are more prone to erosion than large scale fragmentation. The explanation of this is partly due to the difference in the shape of t
.
As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de
As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de
he flocs formed under the different conditions.
The factors we have described in this article form the introductory principles from which the science of flocculation has been developed to enhance this m
The factors we have described in this article form the introductory principles from which the science of flocculation has been developed to enhance this m
elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.
Companies that provide selfless information through particip
Companies that provide selfless information through particip
ost simple and extremely useful of water treatment processes.
Visit the Floc and flocculants - PAC-AF web site for more information
Visit the Floc and flocculants - PAC-AF web site for more information
tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products
HTTP = HTML link (for blogs, profiles,phorums):
<a href="http://www.mainsubjects.org.ua/article/20017/mainsubjects-Floc-And-Flocculation-Processes.html">Floc And Flocculation Processes</a>
BB link (for phorums):
[url=http://www.mainsubjects.org.ua/article/20017/mainsubjects-Floc-And-Flocculation-Processes.html]Floc And Flocculation Processes[/url]
Related Articles:
2005 Super Bowl Ads... Winners and Losers
The Sometimes Life Of The Early-Stage, Mid-Stage And Even Late-Stage Entrepreneur Can Be Scattered
Bookmark it:
|